The Egyptian Pharaohs: Divine Kings of Ancient Egypt

Within those swirling sands of time, in the golden shift of the Egyptian desert, lies a location where unparalleled grandeur and extraordinary mystery have presided over the Pharaohs. These were bizarre kings, with the mandate of heaven, commandeering the most sumptuous luxuries, who kept historians and archaeologists, adventurers, and treasure-seekers alike forever enchanted. The saga of the Pharaohs unfolds like a cosmic drama, an account riddled with power, divinity, and greatness-defining exploits that formed one of the most compelling civilizations in human history.

Legacy of King Tut

Tutankhamun, also known as King Tut, was an Egyptian pharaoh who lived during the 18th dynasty (approximately 1341-1323 BCE). He is well-known for his young age when he ascended to the throne and the discovery of his intact tomb in the Valley of the Kings in 1922. Despite his brief reign, Tutankhamun has captured the imagination of people around the world due to the mystery surrounding his life and death.

Early Life and Ascension to the Throne

King Tut Tutankhamun was born to Akhenaten and his wife Kiya, although there is some debate among scholars about the identity of his mother. Akhenaten was a pharaoh who is known for his attempts to establish a monotheistic religion centered around the god Aten, rather than the traditional polytheistic religion of Egypt. Tutankhamun was likely born during Akhenaten's reign, but the exact year is unknown.
When Akhenaten died, his son Smenkhkare briefly ruled Egypt before he also died. Tutankhamun, who was around nine years old at the time, then ascended to the throne. His reign was short, lasting only around ten years, and he is believed to have been around 19 years old when he died.

Tutankhamun's Reign

Tutankhamun's reign was largely unremarkable, although he did make some efforts to undo the religious reforms of his father and return Egypt to the traditional polytheistic religion. He also moved the capital back to Thebes from Akhenaten's capital at Amarna.
One of the most significant events of Tutankhamun's reign was his marriage to his half-sister, Ankhesenamun. The marriage was likely arranged to maintain the royal bloodline and avoid any disputes over succession. Tutankhamun and Ankhesenamun did not have any surviving children, although it is possible that they had one or more children who died in infancy.

King Tutankhamun's Death

Tutankhamun's death is one of the most enduring mysteries of ancient Egypt. The exact cause of his death is unknown, although there are several theories.
One theory is that Tutankhamun died as a result of an accident or injury. Some evidence suggests that he may have broken his leg shortly before his death, which could have led to an infection or other complications. However, this theory has been disputed by some scholars who argue that the leg injury was not severe enough to have caused his death.
Another theory is that Tutankhamun was murdered. Some have suggested that he was assassinated by one of his advisors or that he was the victim of a conspiracy. There is some evidence to support this theory, including the fact that Tutankhamun's body was hastily mummified and that his heart was missing from his body when it was discovered.
One of the most intriguing theories about Tutankhamun's death is that he was poisoned. This theory is based on the discovery of elevated levels of a toxic metal called arsenic in Tutankhamun's body. However, some scholars have argued that the arsenic levels could have been the result of embalming materials used during the mummification process.

The Discovery of King Tut's Tomb

Despite his brief reign and unremarkable accomplishments, Tutankhamun has become one of the most famous pharaohs in history due to the discovery of his tomb in 1922. The tomb was discovered by British archaeologist Howard Carter, who had been searching for the tomb for many years.
When Carter first entered the tomb, he famously exclaimed, "I see wonderful things!" The tomb was filled with treasures, including gold jewelry, statues, and furniture.
The discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb was a landmark event in the history of archaeology, and it captured the imagination of people around the world. The treasures that were found in the tomb provided a glimpse into the opulence and grandeur of the ancient Egyptian civilization.
The tomb itself was relatively small compared to other royal tombs in the Valley of the Kings, which may explain why it remained undiscovered for so long. The tomb was also located beneath the tomb of another pharaoh, which may have further obscured its presence.
The treasures found in the tomb included a golden mask that covered the pharaoh's mummified face, as well as a chariot, jewelry, and a throne. The tomb also contained four smaller rooms, which contained additional treasures and the remains of various animals that were likely buried as offerings to the gods.
The discovery of the tomb sparked a renewed interest in ancient Egypt and led to a surge in the popularity of Egyptology. The treasures from the tomb were exhibited around the world, and they continue to fascinate people to this day.

Kemet, also known as Ancient Egypt, is a fascinating civilization that has captivated the world for centuries. Its history, culture, and contributions to human civilization have left a lasting impact on the world. In this article, we will explore the history of Kemet, its culture, religion, achievements, and its legacy.

The Ancient Egypt dynasty was one of the world's most advanced civilizations that flourished along the Nile River in Northeast Africa for over three millennia. The history of ancient Egypt is divided into several dynasties, each marked by the reign of a different pharaoh or ruler.

Here's a brief overview of the major dynasties of ancient Egypt:

Early Dynastic Period (c. 3100-2686 BCE): This period marked the rise of the first pharaohs of Egypt and the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt. The most famous pharaoh of this period was King Narmer.

Old Kingdom (c. 2686-2181 BCE): This period saw the construction of the great pyramids and the establishment of the first centralized government in the world. The most famous pharaohs of this period were Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure.

First Intermediate Period (c. 2181-2055 BCE): This period marked a time of political and social unrest in Egypt, with power struggles between various regional rulers.

Middle Kingdom (c. 2055-1650 BCE): This period saw the reunification of Egypt under the pharaoh Mentuhotep II and the establishment of a strong central government. The most famous pharaohs of this period were Amenemhat I, Senusret I, and Amenemhat III.

Second Intermediate Period (c. 1650-1550 BCE): This period marked a time of foreign domination in Egypt, with the arrival of the Hyksos, a group of Asiatic people who ruled Egypt.

New Kingdom (c. 1550-1069 BCE): This period marked the golden age of ancient Egypt, with the rise of powerful pharaohs such as Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten, Tutankhamun, and Ramesses II. The period also saw the expansion of Egyptian influence beyond the Nile Valley and into the Near East.

Third Intermediate Period (c. 1069-664 BCE): This period marked a time of decline and instability in Egypt, with the emergence of multiple competing centers of power and the weakening of the central government.

Late Period (c. 664-332 BCE): This period saw the rise of foreign powers such as the Assyrians, Persians, and Greeks, who gradually gained control over Egypt.

Overall, the dynastic history of ancient Egypt is a fascinating and complex topic that sheds light on one of the world's most enduring civilizations.

Ancient Egypt Gods

Ancient Egypt experienced lots of Egyptian deities that ancient Egyptians considered as gods and goddesses. Until their number reached more than 1500, according to many historical sources, and the most famous ancient Egypt gods back then were Amon, Horus, and Osiris, and they kept being worshiped until the advent of Christ, after then Egypt was turned to Christianity.

Amon

It is the lord of all ancient Egypt gods and their leader. Ancient Egyptians consider it to be the creator of the world and its name meaning is "the invisible". Its head is the head of a ram and appears as a bearded man wearing a hat with two long feathers, sometimes sitting on the throne, sometimes taking the form of a god, and sometimes the shape of a ram with curved horns.

Worshiping Amon first appeared in the territory of Thebes, and is considered to be one of the members of the Ashmunin Thamun, then it became the official idol of the modern empire, it was called the “King of the Gods” and merged with other great gods, becoming “Amun-Ra”, “Amon-Min”, and “Amon-Khnum”.

Osiris

It is considered to be the god of fertility, agriculture, god the dead, the underworld and the flood, and Abydos was the center of worshiping Osiris and it was depicted in the shape of a beard, colored either in green or black, wearing the crown of Upper Egypt, and embalmed like a mummy.

It is the most known god and it owes his fame to being worshiped for nearly two thousand years and based on that fame, his temples were erected along the shores of the sea and it continued until the advent of Christianity.

Isis

The literal meaning of the word Isis is "the seat or throne". It was depicted as a woman breastfeeding her child, the mother goddess of Horus. When it wears the celestial disc and cow horns, it becomes the goddess "Hathor", it was also depicted in the form of a woman with the throne chair on her head, so it was called the goddess of the royal throne.

Sister and wife of the god "Osiris", and the mother of the god "Horus", who protected him from many dangers. it played an important role as a charming goddess, always representing a woman bearing the sign of the "throne" on her head, and sometimes wearing a crown consisting of two horns and the sun disk between them, and took different forms of ancient Egypt gods. Worship spread in Europe since the Greco-Roman period.

Horus

The god Hor or Horus, the son of the god Osiris and the goddess Aizah or Isis, the wife of the god Osiris, was depicted in the form of a falcon or a human with a falcon head. The Egyptian people believed that the eyes of Horus were the sun (right) and the moon (left).

An ancient deity of the sky, and since the beginning of historical times, Horus has been a symbol of the king, living or dead.

Apis

Apis was the most important deity among the sacred calves in the land of the Nile, and he was a god of fertility, and the center of his worship was in the city of Memphis since the early dynastic era, and became associated with Ptah, the god of that city, then became the great spirit "Ptah" that appeared on earth in the form of a calf and with the death of Apis turned into The god Osiris and was called Osiris - Apis.

The calf "Apis" had distinctive marks on its skin and was represented by placing the sun disk between its horns.

Ptah

The local deity of the city of Memphis currently in Cairo was always represented in a human form and wrapped like a mummy with a shaven head, and at first he was nothing but a master of craftsmen and industry, and then attributed to him the creation of arts, and held in his hands symbols of rule, strength and life, which is a scepter made of a grandfather column and a scepter.

Hathor

The goddess of the sky and the patroness of women, love and music, the daughter of Ra and the wife of Horus, and sometimes called the mother of Horus, where the name of this goddess means the dwelling of Horus, and her sacred animal is the cow and her sacred symbol is the musical instrument sistrum.

Hathor is considered the protector of women and the goddess of fun, love, music, dance and songs, and she feeds the living with her milk, so we see the pharaoh suckling from the breast of the cow.

Its name means "House of Horus", and it is the "Ain of Ra" that destroyed his enemies, in addition to that she was worshiped as the goddess of the dead in Thebes in particular. She is often represented in the form of a woman carrying a crown consisting of two horns between the sun disk or a cow, and sometimes we see her as a lioness, a snake or a tree. , but he was saved from it, and he had a special worship in popular circles in the late era.

Ra

The god Ra is the sun and the giver of life, and his center of worship was Heliopolis. it became the god of heaven and the father of Pharaoh and united with many ancient Egypt gods such as (Amun - Khnum - Mentu - Sobek) and called (Amun - Ra, Hanum - Ra, Mento - Ra, Sobek - Ra).

Anubis

Or “Enhart” and its name means “the one who brings the distant”. The Egyptians portrayed him in the form of a man with a crown of 4 feathers on his head. The city of Thana was his original home, and it was merged with the god “Shu” under the name “Anuris-Shu” and then took great fame.

Atom

Its name means perfect or complete. The Egyptians believed that he created himself from himself at the top of the eternal hill, and therefore he is the creator of the world. He was created from himself and by himself “Shou and Tefnut”, and on this basis he is at the top of the list of the Heliopolis ninth, he merged with the god “Ra” and was known as "Atom Ra".

Aton

The “sun disk”, which was not worshiped before the modern state, rose during the reign of King “Akhenaten” to be the only god.

Like “Aten” at first the head of a falcon, then as a sun disk with rays ending in a human hand that often holds the sign of life.

Among his nicknames, the heat emanating from the sun’s disk, the Lord of the two horizons, who shines in his horizon in his name, as the father of “Ra” who returned to us as “Aten”.

Imhotep

The engineer of King “Djoser” for whom he built his architectural group, as he was the first to use stone in a complete building, and his genius extended to medicine as well. In the 26th dynasty, the Egyptians began to worship him and named him Ibn “Ptah”, and after that the Greeks alone with “Asclepius” their god of medicine.

Cleopatra: The Last Pharaoh and Her Influence on Egypt and Rome

Cleopatra VII Philopator, commonly known as Cleopatra, is one of the most famous figures in history. She was the last pharaoh of Egypt and is remembered for her intelligence, beauty, and political savvy. Her reign was marked by tumultuous events that shaped the course of ancient history, and her influence on both Egypt and Rome was profound. In this essay, we will explore the life of Cleopatra, her impact on Egypt and Rome, and the legacy she left behind.

Early Life and Rise to Power

Cleopatra was born in 69 BCE in Alexandria, Egypt. She was the daughter of Ptolemy XII Auletes, the pharaoh of Egypt, and his wife Cleopatra V Tryphaena. Cleopatra was the third child and had two older sisters, Berenice IV and Cleopatra VI, as well as a younger brother, Ptolemy XIII. She was educated in Alexandria, where she learned to speak several languages, including Egyptian, Greek, and Latin. Cleopatra was also trained in political science and military strategy, skills that would serve her well later in life.

Cleopatra's father died in 51 BCE, and he left the throne to his eldest daughter, Berenice IV. However, Berenice's reign was short-lived, and she was overthrown by her younger brother, Ptolemy XIII, with the help of their advisors, Pothinus and Achillas. Cleopatra was forced to flee Egypt and seek refuge in Syria. She was determined to reclaim her throne and enlisted the help of Julius Caesar, the Roman general, to help her.

In 48 BCE, Cleopatra returned to Egypt with Caesar's help and defeated her brother's army. She became the sole ruler of Egypt and was crowned pharaoh. Cleopatra then formed a romantic relationship with Caesar and bore him a son, whom they named Caesarion. However, Caesar was assassinated in 44 BCE, and Cleopatra's future was once again uncertain.

Cleopatra and Mark Antony

After Caesar's death, there was a power struggle in Rome, and the Second Triumvirate was formed between Mark Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus. Mark Antony was appointed ruler of the Eastern provinces, which included Egypt. In 41 BCE, Cleopatra visited Mark Antony in Tarsus, and the two became lovers. Cleopatra gave birth to twins, Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene, and a third child, Ptolemy Philadelphus.

Cleopatra and Mark Antony's relationship was more than just a love affair. They formed a political alliance that threatened Rome's power structure. Antony divorced his Roman wife, Octavia, and married Cleopatra, which was seen as an act of treason in Rome. Octavian, who was Caesar's heir, saw Antony as a threat to his own power and declared war on him.

The Battle of Actium

In 31 BCE, the forces of Octavian and Antony met in the Battle of Actium. Cleopatra commanded her own fleet and fought alongside Antony. However, they were defeated, and their forces were forced to retreat to Egypt. Octavian pursued them, and in 30 BCE, he captured Alexandria. Antony committed suicide, and Cleopatra followed suit soon after.

Legacy

Cleopatra's reign was marked by significant political and cultural achievements. She was a skilled diplomat and maintained good relations with Rome while also preserving Egypt's sovereignty. She also introduced several administrative and economic reforms that helped to stabilize the country.

Cleopatra's legacy continues to inspire fascination and intrigue, even today. Her life has been the subject of numerous books, movies, and television shows, and she has become a symbol of female power and intelligence. Her impact on Egypt and Rome was profound, and her story has inspired countless people over the centuries.

In Egypt, Cleopatra is remembered as one of the greatest pharaohs in the country's history. She was the first ruler of Egypt to speak Egyptian and to be crowned as a pharaoh alongside a male co-ruler. She was also known for her patronage of the arts, and during her reign, Alexandria became a cultural center of the ancient world. She was a supporter of Egyptian religion and worked to promote its revival, which helped to strengthen her legitimacy as a pharaoh.

In Rome, Cleopatra was viewed with suspicion and fear. She was seen as a threat to Roman power and was portrayed in the Roman media as a seductress who used her beauty to manipulate men. This image of Cleopatra as a temptress has persisted over the centuries and has been perpetuated in art, literature, and popular culture.

However, recent scholarship has challenged this image of Cleopatra and has highlighted her intelligence, political acumen, and diplomatic skills. She was a shrewd negotiator who was able to maintain good relations with Rome while also preserving Egypt's independence. She was also a master of propaganda and was able to shape her image to her advantage.

In conclusion, Cleopatra was a remarkable figure who left an indelible mark on both Egypt and Rome. Her intelligence, beauty, and political savvy have inspired countless.

Exploring the history and legacy of Cleopatra, the last pharaoh of Egypt, is an unforgettable experience that offers a glimpse into the ancient world and the enduring legacy of female leadership. Book our Egypt vacations today and discover the secrets of this fascinating figure and the impact she had on both Egypt and Rome.

Travel through South Africa on a tour for 9 days with these African Tours packages. Distinct safaris, cities such as Johannesburg and Cape Town as well as sites like Table Mountain and Robben Island are found within these packages. This tour will surely be remembered for a long time because of the equal wildness, vibrant culture, and fantastic geography it has in store for you!

Africa is gigantic and diverse, a continent blessed with wonderful landscapes, lively cultures, and a thick vein of history. From the pulsating bazaars in Marrakech to the dazzling beaches of Zanzibar and wildlife safaris in Kenya, Africa has everything to fulfill every possible request by the traveler. But the question on most people's lips is: Is it safe to travel to Africa now?

Yes, like any other region, has areas that require extra caution, many destinations are as safe as traveling to Europe, Asia, or the Americas. This guide will help you understand the current travel situation, safety tips, and the best destinations to visit now.

What is the history of the Bahariya Oasis?

Bahariya Oasis is Egypt's most famous oasis, located in the Western Desert, about 370 kilometers (230 miles) southwest of Cairo. It is an area rich in a fascinating and intriguing history, dating thousands of years back.

Ancient History

Bahariya Oasis was known to the ancient Egyptians, and it was a significant center of agriculture and trade. It was part of the 22nd nome of Upper Egypt. The oasis was renowned for its fertile soil and water sources, and thus it was a sought-after resting place for desert travelers who were going between Egypt and Libya.

Historically, the oasis was a base for missions ahead and a region of principal interest in the extraction of metals like gold. The Egyptians also cultivated the oasis with date palms as crops, currently still manufactured on the site.

Roman and Byzantine Periods

In Roman and Byzantine periods, Bahariya was still a major agricultural center. Infrastructure like roads and settlements was constructed by the Romans to enable trade and farming in the region. The oasis also had a variety of important Roman villas and temples. Most of these structures have been found in recent excavations.

Islamic Era

During the Islamic period, particularly during the Fatimid regime, Bahariya Oasis had a prosperous era. The oasis was a vital halt in the trade circuits connecting Egypt with Libya and Sudan. Bahariya's populace increased, and the region had agricultural and architectural advancements, like the construction of mosques and other important buildings.

20th Century and Modern Times

In the 20th century, Bahariya gained international attention after the discovery of ancient Egyptian tombs. In the late 1990s, the Golden Mummies of Bahariya were found in the tombs, giving incredible insights into Egypt's Greco-Roman period. The mummies and other archaeological discoveries have allowed historians and archaeologists to learn more about the period of Egyptian history following the conquest by Alexander the Great.

Nowadays, the oasis is renowned not just for its history but also as a tourist destination. Tourists come to visit the historical sites, including ancient tombs, temples, and the White Desert and Black Desert, which are rare geological formations.

Significance

Bahariya Oasis is important for its agriculture, ruins, and geographical position as a commercial center for centuries. It is a witness to Egypt's ability to survive and thrive in harsh desert conditions without losing its strong cultural heritage.

As a whole, Bahariya Oasis has a rich and diverse past, ranging from the ancient Egyptians to its present-day application as a center of tourism and cultural heritage. Its status as a trade, agricultural, and historic study center means that it will always be an exceptional and important part of Egypt's deserts.

10 top attractions in Bahariya Oasis

Bahariya Oasis boasts many fascinating sites that entwine natural wonders with historical significance. The following are the top 10 attractions you should not miss visiting when you go to the Bahariya Oasis:

1. The Golden Mummies

Discovered in 1996, the Golden Mummies are some of the most famous archaeological finds in the oasis. The Greco-Roman era mummies were discovered in a row of tombs. They are adorned with gold leaf, and visitors can see these stunningly preserved mummies at the Bahariya Oasis Museum.

2. The Temple of Alexander the Great

This ancient temple is reported to have been built by Alexander the Great or during his reign. It's located in the village of Qasr al-Zaytoun and is a historic site giving an insight into the times of Alexander's campaigns in Egypt.

3. The White Desert (Sahara el Beyda)

Renowned for its dreamy, white chalk rock structures, the White Desert is among Egypt's most recognized natural wonders. The structures, which were sculpted by water and wind over the centuries, are like animals and different shapes. It is a sight not to be missed by visitors, particularly those who love desert scenery.

4. The Black Desert

A stark contrast to the White Desert, the Black Desert has blackened terrain and volcanic rocks. The desert landscape is so dramatic that it offers a perfect place for photography and desert excursions. It's a popular location for 4x4 excursions and is a very special experience.

5. The Temple of Amun

Situated close to Qasr al-Zaytoun, the Temple of Amun is an ancient temple dating to the 26th Dynasty. The temple, dedicated to the god Amun of ancient Egypt, is well preserved. One can view its ruins and walk over the remains of the holy building.

6. The Valley of the Golden Mummies

This area, part of the Bahariya Oasis, is famous for the burial ground's size. Apart from the mummies, the valley is abundant in decorated tombs and other remarkable Greco-Roman-era pieces in Egypt. The tombs are among the attractions for travelers who are interested in ancient Egyptian history.

7. The Crystal Mountain

The Crystal Mountain is a unique natural wonder with mountains that are laden with quartz crystals. The crystals produce a sparkling effect when light hits them, providing a stunning sight. It's a perfect destination for nature lovers and photographers.

8. Qarat al-Mitt (The Black Mountain)

The Black Mountain is a giant volcanic hill dominating the oasis. It's a major geologic feature and has a commanding view of the surrounding desert. The hike to the top offers a breathtaking view of the oasis and surrounding desert.

9. The Roman Springs

Located near Bawiti town, the Roman Springs are ancient water sources that were initially used by the Romans. The springs still flow today, and their waters are often used for irrigation and to support local agriculture in the oasis.

10. Bahariya Oasis Museum

The Bahariya Oasis Museum is a must-go attraction for people who want to know about the region's history and archaeology. The museum showcases an array of artifacts spanning various eras, from the mummies, pottery, and tools found in the oasis. It's a great site to learn about the area's significance in the past.

Bahariya Oasis Travel Guide

Bahariya Oasis is Egypt's most interesting desert oasis, located in the Western Desert, around 370 km southwest of Cairo. Renowned for its unique natural beauty, long history, and proximity to the Black and White Deserts, Bahariya offers travelers an unmatched combination of cultural, historical, and natural attractions. Following is a complete travel guide to help you plan your tour:

1. Getting There

By Car: Bahariya Oasis is most conveniently reached by car. It would take about 5-6 hours from Cairo via the desert road.

By Bus: Cairo has several buses to Bahariya Oasis, typically departing from Turgoman Bus Station.

By Tour: Most visitors take guided tours from Cairo because in this way they would be visiting the desert with a guide who knows where he is going.

2. Best Time to Visit

Winter (October to April): The climate is pleasant during these months, with moderate weather. The temperatures in the summer are extreme, with the temperatures far exceeding 40°C (104°F).

Spring and autumn are very pleasant for visiting the desert and archaeological sites.

3. Major Attractions of Bahariya Oasis

Black Desert (El Desika)

Black Desert is characterized by black volcanic rocks, which stand in stark contrast to the sand dunes and account for the name Black Desert today. It is a good site for hiking and photography.

White Desert (White Desert)

A fantasy world renowned for its bizarre chalk rock sculptures and sculptures-like shapes and otherworldly landscapes. White Desert is a desert lover's and adventurer's paradise on earth.

Temple of Ain el-Muftella

This temple, which dates back to the 26th Dynasty, is an ancient temple of historic significance found near the oasis. It used to gather water during the time of the Pharaohs and stands in proximity to a natural spring.

The Golden Mummies Museum

Bahariya Oasis also has the record of excavating over 250 mummies, some of which also had gold masks and other artifacts. The mummies are kept in the museum and are a wonder to behold for historians wishing to discover ancient Egyptian burial customs.

Mummy Hill (Gebel al-Mutawwaq)

It contains a number of tombs and mummies of the Greco-Roman period, some with gold masks besides their multicolored linen bandages.

The English House

Perched on a hill, the English House offers panoramic views of the Bahariya Oasis and desert. It's a good place to watch the sunset.

Crystal Mountain

A stunning natural formation with crystals in the rock. The location is an incredible geologic formation, an opportunity to witness the natural beauty of the desert.

4. Activities to Enjoy

Desert Safari: Explore the surrounding desert in a 4x4 vehicle or on a camel trek. You’ll get a chance to visit the White Desert, Black Desert, and other natural formations.

Stargazing: The clear desert skies are perfect for stargazing. There is no light pollution, and the stars are visible in all their glory.

Desert Camping: Spend the night in the desert, either in the traditional Bedouin tent or in a new camp facility. Barbeque under the open sky among the stars and enjoy the peace of the desert.

Sandboarding: The sand dunes, with their large areas of sand, are perfect for sandboarding.

5. Accommodation Options

Hotels: Bahariya Oasis contains some mid-range hotels and guesthouses, such as Bahariya Oasis Hotel and Palm Beach Resort, that offer basic amenities and reasonable accommodations.

Bedouin camps: You may also camp in the White Desert or anywhere in the oasis to stay in the desert for real. There are also some Bedouin camp sites.

Eco-Lodges: Some tourists' option is also eco-lodges, which can be integrated into nature while ensuring a comfortable stay unlike traditional camping.

6. Local Cuisine

Traditional Egyptian Food: Bahariya offers local cuisine such as Koshari, Fatta, grilled meat, and Falafel. The food is fresh with the local ingredients such as dates, olives, and herbs.

Bedouin Food: For the experience, try Bedouin food, i.e., lamb pit-cooked or sand-baked bread.

7. Cultural Etiquette

Dress Modestly: Modest dressing, particularly in the rural regions such as Bahariya, is advisable in most of Egypt. Women must not dress too freely.

Respect Local Traditions: There is a Bedouin community in the oasis. Be respectful of their tradition and culture.

8. Useful Tips

Bring Snacks and Water: The desert is unforgiving, and you need to keep yourself hydrated and snacks handy, especially if you're going on a long trip or desert activities.

Travel with a Guide: It is difficult to explore the desert and know its history without a guide. Some tour operators organize trips to the Bahariya Oasis and its surroundings.

Cash: ATMs are few in Bahariya, so make sure that you carry enough cash for the expenditure. The Egyptian pound (EGP) is the currency.

9. Attractions Around Siwa Oasis

Another world-famous oasis in Egypt, with ruins that are ancient and hot springs.

The Valley of the Whales (Wadi Al-Hitan): a World Heritage site near the Bahariya Oasis, where you see the fossilized remains of whales from the ancient past.

The Great Sand Sea: This vast desert region offers a broad landscape view of the desert charm, ideal for adventure seekers. 

What is special about Siwa Oasis?

Siwa Oasis stands out in a number of ways:

 Ancient Ruins and Rich Heritage

Temple of the Oracle of Amun: Siwa Oasis is renowned for the Temple of the Oracle of Amun that Alexander the Great went to in order to receive the oracle. It's an ancient ruin that tells a lot about the religio-cultural significance of Siwa in ancient Egyptian history.

Ancient Tombs and Ruins: The oasis is scattered with ancient ruins, ranging from tombs and forts to the remains of old buildings, that provide a great insight into Egypt's history.

Special Culture and People

Berber Influence: Siwa has its own Berber culture, language, traditions, and customs that have been preserved relatively intact through the centuries. The Siwi people are Siwi, and they have a very tight-knit society with strong connections to their roots.

Traditional Architecture: Siwa town is renowned for its mud-brick buildings and the ancient Shali Fortress, a testament to the unique architecture appropriate for desert dwelling.

Oasis Landscape and Natural Beauty

Salt Lakes and Springs: Siwa is renowned for its many salt lakes and natural springs that are not only picturesque but also medicinal. The Cleopatra Spring is a popular destination where one can take a rejuvenating bath.

Great Sand Sea: The oasis lies close to the Great Sand Sea, a huge dune desert that provides scope for adventure sports such as sandboarding and 4x4 safaris.

 Isolation and Serenity

Remote Location: Siwa is a highly remote oasis in Egypt, and that is where its beauty lies. Tourists visit Siwa so that they can be distant from the cities and enjoy a peaceful retreat into the wilderness and also to soak in the tranquility of the desert.

Star-Gazing: Siwa, with its clean and broad open skies, is one of the world's top places to stargaze, giving one an otherworldly glimpse of the stars.

Unique Products

Siwa Olive Oil: The oasis is even a producer of high-quality olives and olive oil, both local produce and a highly sought commodity of the nation.

Dates and Local Crafts: Siwa is even famous for date cultivation and local handicrafts made by locals.

Cultural Festivals

Siwa Festival: The oasis also holds cultural festivals and events all year round, celebrating Siwa's history in the form of music, dance, and local culture.

Siwa Oasis is unusual not just for its natural appeal but for its historical, cultural, and religious significance, an odd yet fascinating spectacle in Egypt.

Top 10 Attractions in Siwa oasis

Siwa Oasis is a treasure of Egypt that provides a dose of history, culture, and stunning natural beauty. The top 10 things you must visit when you are at Siwa are as follows:

1. Temple of the Oracle of Amun

Significance: It is one of the most famous places in Siwa. Alexander the Great visited here in 332 BCE to consult the oracle, and since then, it has been a very significant place in history. The temple remains a reminder of Siwa's religious importance during ancient Egypt.

2. Shali Fortress

Description: A 12th-century ancient mud-brick fort, Shali provides sweeping vistas of the desert, oasis, and surrounding landscape.

It is the ideal spot to snap photos or admire ancient Siwan architecture.

3. Cleopatra's Bath

Significance: A palm grove dotted with greenery around a natural spring, Cleopatra's Bath is a peaceful place to swim in the cool, crystal-clear water. It is said that Cleopatra herself bathed here, and the location has become a favorite destination for tourists seeking to unwind and history enthusiasts as well.

4. Mountain of the Dead (Gebel al-Mawta)

Description: This is a collection of old tombs excavated into the mountain and belonging to the 26th Dynasty (c. 600 BCE). It provides us with fascinating facts on Siwi funeral rites, with some tombs being adorned with ancient Egyptian designs.

5. Siwa Salt Lakes

Description: The salt lakes are stunning, with their blue hue and the desolate desert surrounding them. The lakes are otherworldly, and tourists are able to swim in the water said to heal.

6. Siwa Museum

Description: In the center of Siwa, the Siwa Museum is a humble but informative building that offers a complete study of Siwi history, culture, and tradition. The museum contains objects, including tools, ornaments, and clothing, that outline the unique heritage of the oasis.

7. Gebel al-Taghaghien (The Mountain of the Lovers)

Description: It is a site of very old rock formation and caves and paintings and inscriptions that go back thousands of years. It also provides grand views of the desert and the oasis around and thus is an excellent trekking and photo spot.

8. Fayoum Oasis

Description: Aside from Siwa, the Fayoum Oasis boasts even more historical landmarks, picturesque lakes, and deserts. The oasis is home to the renowned Lake Qarun, a perfect spot for bird watching and observation of Egypt's wildlife.

9. Ain Sitra Spring

Description: Famous for its cool and sweet water, Ain Sitra is among Siwa's natural spring delights. It lies on the periphery of the oasis, covered with a palm tree canopy, and gives visitors a peaceful and tranquil place to imbibe nature.

10. Siwa's Traditional Handicrafts and Market

Description: Siwa local market is a place that offers diversified kinds of handmade products, including pottery, basketry, and traditional dress. Going to the market is among the best ways of feeling the culture and carrying home something unique.

Siwa Oasis Travel Guide

Siwa Oasis in Egypt's Western Desert, bordering Libya, is a serene, picturesque destination surrounded by ancient ruins, stunning vistas, and rich cultural heritage. Renowned for its historical significance as an ancient Egyptian spiritual hub, Siwa offers a once-in-a-lifetime experience for history buffs, nature lovers, and those seeking relaxation. Continue reading to plan your visit to this beautiful oasis.

1. Travel to Siwa Oasis

Siwa Oasis is a bit off the tourist trail, so arriving there does require some effort:

By Car: The easiest way to travel to Siwa is by car. It is approximately a 7-8 hour drive from Cairo (approximately 750 kilometers). The road runs across the Western Desert, so be prepared for the long journey through stunning but desolate landscapes.

By Bus: The public buses that serve Cairo and Siwa leave from the Turgoman bus station. The trip takes approximately 9-10 hours.

By Private Tour: The majority of travelers prefer to go to Siwa on a tour package that also covers transport. That makes visiting the oasis more convenient, and stops at other nearby attractions may be made along the route.

2. Best Time to Visit

Spring and Autumn (March to May & September to November): These seasons are optimal as the weather is pleasant and warm, making it perfect for outdoor visits and enjoying the desert views.

Summer (June to August): Siwa experiences very hot weather, typically over 40°C (104°F), so it is not as ideal for outdoor excursions.

Winter (December to February): Although winter is pleasant weather, it might be chilly in the evenings, so wear warm clothing for the night.

3. Siwa Oasis Top Attractions

Temple of the Oracle of Amun

History buffs must visit this temple, which has been the place where Alexander the Great famously met the Oracle. The ruins provide an insight into the spiritual significance of Siwa during ancient times.

Shali Fortress

The 12th-century mud-brick fortress of Shali, the quintessence of Siwa's ancient traditions, perches atop a hike-able mountain you can climb for panoramic views across the desert and oasis.

Cleopatra's Bath

A natural spring laid out with palm trees, celebrated for the sparkling clear water, where, they say, Cleopatra bathed, and is now greatly enjoyed for both relaxation and as an historic view to see.

Mountain of the Dead (Gebel al-Mawta)

This place contains numerous ancient tombs chiseled out of rock, giving a fascinating insight into the burial practices of Siwa's early inhabitants.

Siwa Salt Lakes

The lakes are splendidly colored, and the water is reported to have therapeutic effects. It is an ideal place for a peaceful swim.

Gebel al-Taghaghien (Mountain of the Lovers)

A peaceful place for walking, with old inscriptions on rock and fine scenery overlooking the desert and oasis.

Siwa Museum

Learn the oasis history and culture at this little but informative museum, which displays artifacts, local handicrafts, and traditional dress.

Ain Sitra Spring

Renowned for its fresh, cool water, this spring is a popular choice for swimming and relaxing in the oasis.

4. Activities and Experiences

Desert Safari

A visit to Siwa would not be the same without exploring the surrounding desert. 4x4 safaris and camel treks take you into the Great Sand Sea, where you enjoy breathtaking views and try sandboarding on the massive dunes.

Stargazing

Siwa's starry night sky and remoteness make it an ideal destination for stargazing. Away from town lights, you can enjoy a clear view of the stars in the desert sky.

Traditional Crafts and Markets

Visit the Siwa local markets to purchase locally produced goods such as pottery, wickerwork baskets, and traditional Siwi clothing. Siwa craft is a reflection of the unique culture of the Berber residents of the oasis.

Relax at Cleopatra's Spring

Take a swim in the pure waters of Cleopatra's Bath or other springs nearby for a relaxing and invigorating experience.

5. Accommodation Options

Siwa Oasis has a variety of accommodations available, from budget guesthouses to eco-lodges of higher luxury:

Shali Lodge: A quaint eco-lodge with a mud-brick aesthetic, blending local ambiance and modern amenities. It's ideal for travelers who want to really experience Siwa's unusual atmosphere.

Siwa Oasis Hotel: In the heart of Siwa, this hotel offers modern facilities in a cozy, clean setting, great for guests.

Adrère Amellal Eco-Lodge: Luxury and eco-friendly lodging built from natural materials according to traditional Siwi architecture. Located on the periphery of the desert, it offers a true desert experience with comfort and privacy.

Cleopatra Resort: For extra luxury, this resort offers spacious rooms and a beautiful view of the surrounding desert landscape.

6. Food and Dining

Siwa Oasis offers a selection of traditional and local foods that reflect both the Egyptian and Berber cultural heritage:

Siwa's Dates: Siwa's dates are famous and make up a major portion of the local diet. They are bought fresh in the market or eaten as desserts.

Traditional Food: Try fatta (meat, bread, and rice food) or koshari (lentil food served with rice and pasta). Locally caught fish from the lakes is also found everywhere in Siwa.

Bedouin food: Enjoy a traditional Bedouin meal, typically made of grilled meat, flatbread, and raw vegetables.

7. Practical Information

Money: The money is Egyptian Pound (EGP). There are not many ATMs in Siwa, so it would be best to bring cash.

Language: The official language is Arabic, but Berber is also spoken by many locals. English is spoken in tourist areas, although it's always a good idea to pick up some Arabic words.

Dress Code: Siwa is actually very relaxed, but you still need to dress modestly, especially in more conservative settings or when visiting villages.

8. Safety and Health

Travel Insurance: Make sure you have complete travel insurance covering desert travel and outdoor activities.

Sun Protection: The desert sun can be powerful, so bring sunscreen, a hat, and sunglasses. Stay hydrated with lots of water.

Health Precautions: Siwa's tap water is generally safe, but tourists are best off with bottled water. Be cautious with street food if your stomach is sensitive.

What should I pack for Siwa Oasis?

As preparation for a trip to Siwa Oasis, travel wisely to allow comfort in the desert landscape, relaxation in the natural springs, and absorption of the dense history. 

The following is a checklist to prepare you for your tour:

1. Clothing

Light, Breathable Clothing: It can become extremely hot in the desert day, so pack light, airy clothing in natural fibers like cotton or linen. Loose-fitting clothes will provide comfort and cool you in the heat.

Layered Clothing: While the days are hot, the evenings and nights might become cool, especially in the winter months. Pack a light jacket or sweater for chilly nights.

Modest Clothing: Siwa is a conservative area, so it's thoughtful to dress modestly, especially in the local villages and when visiting cultural or religious sites.

Swimwear: For swimming in natural springs like Cleopatra's Bath, wear a swimsuit. Be respectful of local customs, though, and choose modest swimwear (e.g., one-piece or modest bikini).

Hats and Scarves: A large-brimmed hat is vital to shield your head and face from the desert sun. A scarf or a shawl could also be helpful to cover shoulders or guard against the wind.

Comfortable Shoes: Pack sturdy, comfortable walking shoes for desert touring and hiking. Closed-toe shoes or sandals are most suitable for uneven surface walking.

Flip-flops or water shoes: To lounge or swim at the springs.

2. Sun Protection

Sunscreen: Protect your skin from the desert sun by bringing a high-SPF sunscreen (SPF 30 and higher). The desert sun in Siwa is very brutal, so apply frequently.

Sunglasses: Protect your eyes from the sharp cut of the desert sun with quality sunglasses that block UV.

Lip Balm with SPF: The lips parch and split under the desert sun, so add lip balm with sunscreen.

3. Health and Wellness Basics

Water Bottle: It's essential to be hydrated in the desert. Add a refillable water bottle to carry fresh water along, especially on excursions.

Medicines and First Aid Kit: If you have any prescribed medications, do remember to carry them with you. A basic first aid kit of bandages, antiseptic, pain killers, etc. is also worth carrying.

Insect Repellent: Since Siwa itself is not invaded by insects, you will nevertheless encounter mosquitoes, etc. Use a good quality insect repellent to keep them at bay.

Hand Sanitizer: For cleanliness if you are traveling far from the more populated cities.

4. Technology and Documents

Camera/Smartphone: You will want to capture the lovely views, the ancient ruins, and the photo opportunities of your trip, so don't forget your camera or smartphone. Pack a portable charger as well if you will be gone for hours at a time.

Chargers and Adapters: Egypt employs the European plug (Type C or F) of 220V power, so bring the proper adapter and charger for your devices.

Travel Documents: Bring your passport, visa (if required), travel insurance, hotel booking, and other travel documents.

Local Currency: Though there are ATMs available in Siwa, it's always a good idea to bring sufficient Egyptian pounds (EGP) for small purchases and to help the locals.

5. Outdoor and Adventure Gear

Daypack or Small Backpack: A small, insulated backpack in which to carry your water, snacks, camera, and other items you'll want to have at hand as you explore the oasis and desert.

Sunscreen and Lip Protection: To protect your skin and lips from the effects of the desert sun on excursions.

Binoculars: If nature is your passion, you can use binoculars to spot birds and observe the desert landscape around you.

Sandboarding Equipment: If sandboarding is what you would like to try, equipment can be rented in Siwa as well, but first check to ensure it is available.

6. Miscellaneous

Snacks: Take some energy bars or snacks with you for long desert drives because food might not be readily available in the locations you will visit.

Notebook and Pen: Journalists and note-takers will enjoy having a small notebook handy when documenting your experience.

Towel: A travel towel comes in handy for visits to natural springs like Cleopatra's Bath or after desert excursions.

Travel Pillow and Eye Mask: Just in case you are going to have long rides, especially if traveling by bus or car from and to Siwa.

7. Camera and Camera Equipment

Wide-Angle Lens: Siwa views are expansive and broad, and a wide-angle lens will encounter no problems when photographing desert vistas, lakes, and ruins.

Extra Batteries and Memory Cards: Remote as well will be the chances of having available shops or plug points for your batteries to recharge, so have spare memory cards and fully charged batteries.

Why is White Desert famous? 

The White Desert, or Rann of Kutch Where nature's beauty, uniqueness, and offbeat experiences come together, The White Desert is a highly distinctive destination, famous for several reasons:

Scenic View: It's an enormous, salt-desert wetland in Kutch district, Gujarat, India, famous for its desolate white landscape miles after miles. The vision of a pure white, even landscape under sunlight is an experience in itself.

Rann Utsav: Rann of Kutch is renowned for Rann Utsav, a cultural carnival that reflects the vibrant heritage, art, craft, and dance of Gujarat. It welcomes visitors from all over the world, especially during winter when the weather is pleasant and the salt desert shines with moonlight.

Wildlife Sanctuary: The Rann is also inhabited by the Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary and Wild Ass Sanctuary, and it provides suitable habitats to animals such as the Indian wild ass, flamingos, and migratory birds. The diversity of the ecosystem is a perfect tourist destination for wildlife lovers and nature enthusiasts.

Full Moon Nights: The desert comes alive particularly at full moon nights, when the endless desert plain mirrors the brilliance of the full moon, reflecting an unearthly and peaceful glow. It's one of the best times to take an unorthodox visit.

Historical and Cultural Significance: The region is culturally significant, and various communities like the Rabari, Maldhari, and Koli inhabit this region. The handicrafts, the textile business, and embroidering are famous throughout India and the world.

white desert travel guide 

The White Desert, or Rann of Kutch, is India's most picturesque and unique place. It is renowned for its vast salt marsh, rich culture, and popular Rann Utsav festival. Follow this travel guide to organize your trip preparations. 

Best Time to Visit

Rann Utsav (November-February): The White Desert is most beautiful during the Rann Utsav, which falls between November and February. The climate is pleasant during this period, and the desert is illuminated by the full moon.

Winter (November-February): The climate is warm and cold, perfect to visit. The daytime temperature is between 25°C and 30°C, but drops to 10°C at night.

Summer (March-June): Extremely hot, much over 40°C, and travelling will be tiresome. Steer clear unless you have a particularly offbeat plan.

How to Reach

By Air:

The closest airport is Bhuj Airport (around 80 km away from the Rann of Kutch). Bhuj is connected very well to Mumbai, Ahmedabad, and Delhi.

It is possible from Bhuj by taxi or local transport to visit the Rann of Kutch.

By Train:

The closest major railway station is Bhuj Railway Station, and it is well linked with cities such as Ahmedabad, Mumbai, and other cities of Gujarat.

You can go by buses and taxis from Bhuj to visit and view the Rann.

Rann of Kutch is easily accessible by road. You can go there by taxi or bus from Bhuj.

Private tour operators are also available who take trips to the White Desert with guides.

Things to Do in the White Desert

1- Rann Utsav:

Rann Utsav is a winter cultural extravaganza in the White Desert. It is a music, dance, handicraft, and local cuisine carnival. Experience the traditional folk dance, move through the local handicrafts, and enjoy the festive fervor.

Evenings of full moon nights flood the desert with radiance, offering it as a divine and dreamy situation.

2- Visit the Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary:

The sanctuary has the Indian wild ass, flamingos, and other migratory birds. It is an ideal place for bird watchers and wildlife enthusiasts.

3- Full Moon Night at the White Desert:

The best experience during your stay in the Rann is witnessing the full moon night. The desert reflects the moonlight, and the scenery becomes surreal and serene. It is paradise for photo enthusiasts.

4- Visit Local Villages:

Visit the surrounding villages like Dhordo, Nakhatrana, and Bhirandiyara to see the natural culture. You see typical mud houses, beautiful embroidery, and handicraft work done from natural material.

5- Handicrafts Shopping:

There is handicraft such as Kutch embroidery, mirror work, block print, and wood toys for which Kutch is famous. These make good souvenirs.

6- The Great Rann and Little Rann of Kutch can be visited:

The Great Rann is the vast salt marsh, and the Little Rann is renowned for its wildlife sanctuary. Both are unique in terms of experience and vistas.

7- Kalo Dungar (Black Hill):

Within easy driving distance from the Rann of Kutch, Kalo Dungar offers a bird's-eye view of the desert. It contains the Dattatreya Temple, which you can have nice views of and a haunted experience.

Where to Stay

Rann Utsav Tent City (Dhordo):

The Gujarat Tourism Department also offers luxurious tents in Rann Utsav. The tents are well-equipped with all the facilities of contemporary times, so it is an excellent choice for a stay. You can enjoy the comfort and thrill of desert staying.

Luxury Hotels and Resorts:

Some luxury resorts and hotels around Bhuj and the Rann of Kutch offer comfortable stays with local experiences.

Homestays and Guesthouses:

To feel the real culture, you may even stay at homestays in the surrounding villages. They provide a sense of village life, and you may have the benefit of the traditional Kutch welcome.

What to Pack

Comfortable Clothing: Loose, lightweight clothing for the day and warm clothes for cold desert nights.

Walking Shoes: The desert is so vast, and there may be rough ground walking.

Sunscreen, Hat, Sunglasses: Protect yourself from harsh sun in the daytime.

Camera/Smartphone: To capture the stunning desert landscape, full moon, and cultural festivals.

Personal Medicines: Carry any personal medicines you may need as facilities out there may be limited.

Local Delicacies to Try

Kutchhi Dabeli: A popular street food of spiced potatoes served in a bun.

Khichdi and Kadhi: A Gujarati staple of rice and lentils served with yogurt-based curry.

Kachumber Salad: Spicy, tangy vegetable salad that is loved by locals.

Mohantthal and Kesar Penda: Traditional sweets to be consumed after meals.

Travel Tips

Drink lots of water: Desert climate is hot, particularly when outdoors, so take water and drink plenty of water.

Respect local culture: Kutch is renowned for its rich culture, so respect the local culture and people.

Book in Advance: The hotel is fully booked for Rann Utsav, and prior booking of your stay is obligatory.

Local Places to Visit

Mandvi Beach: A quiet beach on the Arabian Sea, about 60 km away from Bhuj.

Aina Mahal and Prag Mahal: Bhuj's historical palaces with a traditional style of architecture.

Bhujodi Village: Renowned for traditional handloom weaving and textile painting.

White Desert provides a one-of-a-kind, serene, and culturally rich experience and thus is a destination to explore, especially at Rann Utsav. For an explorer, a culture vulture, or even a nature lover, there is something for everyone at Rann of Kutch.

Where is the White Desert National Park located?

The White Desert National Park is located in Egypt in the Farafra depression, some 45 kilometers north of the town of Qasr Al Farafra. It is situated in the Farafra Oasis of the New Valley Governorate.

Travel to the White Desert National Park has been made easier over the years, allowing more individuals to see its extraterrestrial beauty. Visitors can reach the park via various means of transportation from Cairo, the capital of Egypt. The most common way of reaching the White Desert is by driving or touring via bus. It can take 5 to 6 hours from Cairo to Farafra Oasis by car, depending on traffic and road conditions. The other option is to travel by bus, which takes longer but is the less expensive alternative.

Regarding closeness to the other iconic sites of Egypt, the White Desert National Park is relatively close to the Bahariya Oasis, another picturesque desert oasis well known for its hot springs and archaeological remains. From the White Desert, one can also access the Crystal Mountain, a crystal formation situated in Egypt's Western Desert. The location of the park integrates it into a greater fabric of natural wonders and historical wealth that Egypt has to offer.

The White Desert National Park in Egypt is something that nature lovers, adventure seekers, and anyone who wishes to view a landscape unlike any other should not miss. The remote yet accessible location of the White Desert, along with its proximity to other significant locations, qualifies it to be included on Egypt's already long list of must-visit destinations.

How old is the white desert in egypt 

Egypt's White Desert, the White Desert of Farafra in the Western Desert, is around 20 million years old. It is the result of a sequence of millions of years of geological processes, including the erosion of very ancient marine deposits, which were part of an old sea that had blanketed most of the area.

Formation Process

Marine Influence: The area was flooded by a sea 20 to 25 million years ago during the Miocene time. When the sea receded, it laid down enormous quantities of chalk and limestone.

Erosion: Millions of years of wind and rain erosion by natural agents wore away these deposits, fashioning the white chalk country seen today. The wind created the peculiar mushroom-shaped rocks and other bizarre shapes in the desert.

Thus, White Desert formations are ancient, with geological and environmental processes occurring over hundreds of millions of years, creating the bizarre landscape that welcomes tourists nowadays.